Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that not only affects motor functions but also leads to severe physical and psychological complications. Below are the key complications associated with the disease:
1. Physical Injuries
Patients with Parkinson’s often experience tremors, rigidity, and impaired coordination, increasing the risk of falls and fractures. Slippery surfaces (e.g., icy paths or wet bathroom floors) pose significant dangers. Preventive measures, such as home safety modifications, are critical.
2. Psychological and Cognitive Impairments
Late-stage Parkinson’s frequently causes depression, anxiety, social withdrawal, and dementia. Symptoms like mask-like facial expressions, slurred speech, and drooling contribute to low self-esteem and isolation.
3. Gastrointestinal and Autonomic Dysfunction
Autonomic nervous system damage leads to:
- Swallowing difficulties, malnutrition, and dehydration.
- Esophageal issues (e.g., reflux, pseudo-diverticula).
- Delayed gastric emptying (bloating, nausea).
- Chronic constipation (affecting 50–67% of patients).
4. Infections and Urinary Complications
Weakened immunity increases susceptibility to pneumonia, bronchitis, and UTIs. Bedridden patients face risks of bedsores, hypostatic pneumonia, and sepsis. Urinary frequency and prostate issues further complicate care.
5. Musculoskeletal Deformities
Late-stage Parkinson’s often results in joint stiffness, limb contractures, and postural deformities. Early physical therapy and passive exercises can delay these complications.
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