I. Genetic Factors PCOS is associated with autosomal dominant inheritance, X-linked (sex-linked) inheritance, or gene mutations. Most patients exhibit a normal 46,XX karyotype, while others may display chromosomal aberrations or…
Coronary heart disease is a common and severe cardiovascular condition caused by the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries. In addition to basic pharmacological treatments, vascular reconstruction therapy is…
Etiology The most common cause is inflammation of the fallopian tubes or pelvic peritoneum. Chronic inflammation damages the mucosal lining of the tubes, leading to scarring, luminal narrowing, or complete…
Tubal Insufflation (Rubin’s Test):Carbon dioxide is injected into the uterus via a catheter at a rate of 60 ml/min, with pressure not exceeding 2.7 kPa. If the fallopian tubes are…
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a common neuromuscular disorder, though many patients lack sufficient understanding of it. How can one determine if they have this condition, and what diagnostic methods are…
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is a common and serious cardiovascular condition caused by narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries. In addition to basic pharmacological treatments, revascularization therapy remains the…
1. OverviewAs early as 1877, Jean-Martin Charcot described cognitive and personality changes in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. However, Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) gained significant attention only in the 1960s. Studies…
Overview Parkinsonian syndromes are a clinical diagnostic concept used by neurologists to describe a group of disorders characterized by bradykinesia (slowed movement), along with other symptoms such as tremor, rigidity,…
Clinical Features of Hyperthyroidism in the Elderly Hyperthyroidism in the elderly often presents atypically, lacking the classic triad of T3/T4 hypersecretion, goiter, and exophthalmos. Instead, it may manifest as isolated…
Overview Mediastinal mesenchymal tumors may remain asymptomatic for years. Over 50% are incidentally detected via imaging, physical exams, or autopsy. Common symptoms include: Local symptoms: Chest pain, cough, dyspnea, dysphagia,…